How to lose weight Essay

How to escape load Girls are dreaming astir(predicate) losing heaviness all the tlme. They wishing to be thinner and thinner and thinner. So today,lm going to talk about losing weight-There are some points of losing weight that you may be Interested In. You may have tried legion(predicate) ways to lose welght,and today I prepare three of the meet about Important tips about It. First ,you must choose a wretched carbohydrate diet-Low carb is the most effective way to lose weight. lf you only finish less to lose weight,you will give up soon because of the howling(a) eeling of hunger.Sugar and starch may increase your hunger, avoiding it may decrease your liking to an adequate level. A low carb diet reduces your hunger and makes you want to use up less notwithstanding not have to. A 2012 study in any case showed that people on a low carb diet burned three hundred more calories a day while resting Another that I want to share with you is to measure your progress wisely. F ocusing only on weight and standing on the scale every day might be misleading, cause unnecessary nxiety and undermine your motivation for no good reason. send word measuring your waist circumference and weight before starting and thusly perhaps once a week or once a month. Write the results down so that you can track your progress. If you can, try to admit other Important health markers when starting out, like theseBlood pressure,Blood sugar,Cholesterol profile. Theyll unremarkably show that youre not just losing weight, youre gaining health too. The stick up important thing you must pay attetion to is that exercising smart.Studies show that if you just start exercising, youre going to need at least champion hour of tough workouts every single day to noticeably lose weight. Its not a good idea to eat mediocre food, drink sugar water or be on medications which armament you to train for hours daily Just to compensate. You must be more suck now,right? So are you still Jealous of ohthers great shape but doing nothing? Dont wait any more,you need to take action Immediately. take on my tips and youll make lt. Wlsh you all have a dream body Thats all,thankyou.

Students, faculty struggle with plagiarism in Internet era

In the postmodern society we start today, Internet-access Is a natural get down of the everyday life. Not wholly have the Internet almost taken over peoples lives, but apparently also their schoolwork and education. Due to the thriving access to everything on the Internet, faculty at schools have trouble find-inning a dividing line, between what is cheating and what is not. An example of this was seen in a chemistry-class at the University of Wisconsin, where 42 students were acc workd of plagiarisation. While each the students protested, none of the students seemed to know the seriousness of the situ-tool.This leads to the query when Is something plagiarism? And what smoke one do to fix the cheating? Journalist, Todd Effeminately wrote the textbook U students, faculty struggle with plagiarism in In-tern era in 2010, and it was published in the Capital Times- newspaper. The sender of the art-clue, want to protest the ref of the present Issue plagiarism. The sender simply wants to notify the referee that plagiarism Is Illegal and wrong. This leads to the unknowing students, who tempt to take the short cartroad and use other peoples work.The scarey thing is that most students dont see the series- scenes of this chore they simply dont consider it cheating. As Donald McCabe, professor at Rutgers University and co-founder of the International pertain for Academic Integrity, explains it Youre almost to the 50-50 mark right now, where almost half the students we trace dont see this as moderate or serious cheating. And the number thats growing Is the half who dont con-slider It cheating. This quotation-use by the writer, appeals to the readers pathos how come so many students dont see this wrongdoing?What have society done wrong to make this happen? Not only does Effeminately appeal to pathos, but he also appeals to ethos, which strengthens his reliability. HIS ethos Increases, with both the use of statistics and experts to chin-wag on the Issue, for an example Donald McCabe, has been researching academic misconduct for 20 years, and he says watchword is also a penetrating work on of appeal. It is used throughout the inviolate text, when Effeminately tries to convince the reader that plagiarism is an increasing crime.Because, of course plagiarism is wrong, and he proves it by referring to the majorities opinion most me to agree with the notion that plagiarism fetching the work of others and presenting It as your own Is wrong. Another appeal to watchword Is his use of connectives in the text. Connectives make him look sure of his case, for an example when he uses of course in the end his contention Students who cheat are cryptograph new on college campuses, of course. All of the examples above are completely signs of hidden argumentation.Hidden problem, and agree with him at the same time. With the use of hidden argumentation, the reader is influenced in the wanted direction, most likely without ensign any form of ma nipulation. The signs of hidden argumentation is seen in the text, when the writer refers to experts, the majority of peoples opinions and if the writer is general-sizing, which is all seen in this text. The way of the composition makes the text very floating thither is a good balance between claim and evidence in the argumentation.At the same time there is a perfect comprehensive use of experts to support the argumentation. Because of the formal and high-flown language used in the expression, it is to bring to an end that the target roof for the text must be most adequate for the academic educated people. At the same time it is not incredible that the text also is meant for college-students around the world. Because of the theme and the conclusion in the text, you must assume that the texts purr-pose is to enlighten the students most the serious matter of the problem plagiarism.One of the scary things to think about is the fact that young students cheat because they have su rmise in themselves. Either, they dont realism how smart they are, or maybe they are only when scared of hard work and failure? In reality, the briny former why students cheat is because they didnt think they could accomplish what they wanted to any other way. But is the goal really accomplished, when it is accomplished with fraud? Plagiarism is so common that some people regular write papers in ex-change for money.As it is told in the article Professor Donald Downs ( ) met a man who told me he mat like he had taken my courses. A puzzled Downs asked the man what he meant. He told me, Vive written about 20 papers for your In conclusion, what can one do to fix the cheating? According to the article the main season to fix cheating is by talking about it, even though the topic is sensitive legalism is a very difficult confabulation to have because nobody quite wants to talk about it, ( You cant work on this issue unless you talk about it. The important thing is to enlighten stude nts about this issue, because if the students really speak the truth then how can it be considered cheating, if they unfeignedly dont know what plagiarism is? Enlighten is also the main purpose of this article enlighten the world about plagiarism. Set a stop to plagiarism and accomplish your goals by yourself.

Evaluating HRM’s contribution to Organisational Effectiveness Essay

human being Resource Management is a divulge component in the maintenance and utilization of an effective workforce. HRM includes myriad activities ranging from recruitment to training and redden the development of compensation systems. HRM has evolved signifi puketly since the early 1900s. The need to deal with hollow unions and the mankind relations movement has increased the need for competent adult male resource professionals (Dessler, 2002).3. Reasons for Measuring world resource managers atomic number 18 required to rest the requirements of management against those of the presidential term to ensure staffing requirements argon consistent with the general organisational objectives. There is always a focus on results and measurement, the benefits from such analyses atomic number 18 numerous. Some of the key reasons for measuring HRM are (Phillips, 1996)1. To identify HRMs region to organisational effectiveness2. To determine whether HRM is accomplishing its objectives 3. To identify the strengths and weaknesses of HRM processes4. To calculate the return on investment in an HRM program5. To determine if an HRM program or insurance justifies investment of resources6. To establish a database that can assist management in making decisions about HRM4. Indicators of HRMThe main impacts of HRM to the organisation can be gauged from the quest key indicators (Frost et al, 2001)Figure 1 4 Quadrants of HRM Indicators5. Measuring HRMThe influences and impacts mentioned previously yield an indication of the relative success of HRM within the organisation. As is evident, there are a number of indicators and their measurements and applications are quite varied. Some of the more putting surface ways of measuring HRM areSurveysThere are myriad proforma surveys that are available to HRM Managers to review and measure the feedback from employees and customers. OPMs (Office of Personnel Management) Organizational assessment Survey was created to assist organisat ions in the assessment and purifyment of their writ of execution and has since contract an industry standard. The survey contributes to organizational performance improvement by1. assessing organizational strengths and weaknesses2. providing a basis for effective action-planning to determine training and organizational dislodge strategies and3. establishing measures for benchmarking and evaluating change in organizational performance over time.(Fitz-Enz, 2000)Financial outlineCost- Benefit and ROI AnalysesReturn on Investment (ROI) is a monetary value-benefit depth psychology that offers HR managers a way to explain, in financial terms, how HR contributes to the bottom line. This helps in boosting HRs credibility in management circles. To date, a major(ip) obstacle HR professionals have had in becoming full partners with cured agency management teams is proving its value to business discussions. Historically HR has non had the statistical data or business cost benefit analysi s to prove its influence and impact on the organisation. However, using ROI to show that human resources management is an investment, rather than an expense, helps move HR further in the concern of becoming a strategic partner.Activity Based Costing ( rudiment)ABC is a process of estimating the cost associated with each step of a process. It has been utilise to identify the costs of HRM programs and processes. It is an accounting system that assigns costs to products based on the resources they consume. The costs of all activities are traced to the product for which they are performed. Overhead costs are also traced to a particular product rather than gap arbitrarily across all product lines (Albrecht, 2000). The breakdown of costs increases the visibility and transparency and proves how effectively resources are being utilise, which inturn can help improve strategic decision-making. Several organisations have successfully used ABC to reveal the true cost of HRM, either to infor m the overall budgeting process or to help benchmark HRM costs against other key industry players.BenchmarkingBenchmarking is a systematic process of measuring an organizations products, services, and confides against those of a like organization that is a recognized leader in the studied area (Phillips et al, 2001). Organisations across industries and geographical boundaries are using this practice to discover ways of improving service and increasing business aptitude and profit dexterity.Strategic AnalysisBalanced poster/Balanced MeasuresThe Balanced Scorecard is a strategic measurement approach that provides a method of reorient business activities with the organizations strategic plan and monitoring performance of strategic goals over time. A garnish of balanced measures is used, rather than instruction on the single, traditional bottom line. The original scorecard developed by Kaplan and Norton (2004) was divided into five perspectives (or measurement areas)1. Financial D emonstrates how our initiatives, activities, and actions contribute to the organizations bottom line, or how they provide value for the money spent. Cost and receipts are the main measures for this perspective. Labour costs expressed as a fraction of revenues is a public financial measure.2. Customer Tells us what we moldiness do to meet the needs of our internal and external customers. Time, quality, performance and cost are the main areas in which customers are interested. Good government is accountable to the customer.3. Internal Business Shows where we must excel internally to succeed in accomplishing our mission. Cycle time, quality, employee skills, and productivity are examples of internal measures.4. Learning and growth Illustrates how the organization can continue to improve and create value. This includes how we sustain the growth of our people. The ability to innovate, improve, and learn are key characteristics of this perspective.5. Human Resources Employee Empowerment Tracks how leadership and running(a) environment enhance HR employees job performance.The Malcolm Baldrige Criteria for Performance excellencyThe Malcolm Baldrige Criteria are a framework based on a set of core values and concepts that any organization can use to improve overall performance. They integrate key business requirements into a results-oriented framework and echo validated, leading-edge management practices against which an organization can measure itself (Becker et al, 2001). Organizations are assessed, using a scored point system, on approach, deployment, and results. The Criteria are recognized nationally and internationally as a model for performance excellence and therefore represents a common language for communication among organizations for sharing best practices (Kaplan & Norton, 2004).6. ConclusionThe history of HRM has been characterized by a continues attempt in justifying its impact and influence within an organization. The sneak of unions along with the expansion of companies into foreign markets has made efficient HRM critical. HRM has moved from the specify of justifying its position in an organization to adding to the organizations profits by managing its most central asset its people (Dessler, 2002).7. BibliographyKaplan, R. S. & Norton, D. P. (2004) Strategy Maps Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes, Harvard Business enlighten Press.Becker, E. B., Huselid, M. A. & Ulrich, D. (2001), The HR Scorecard Linking People, Strategy and Performance, 1st Edition, Harvard Business School Press.Phillips, J. J., Stone, R. D. & Phillips, P. P. (2001) The Human Resources Scorecard, Butterworth-Heinemann.Albrecht, M. H. (2000) International HRM Managing Diversity in the Workplace, Blackwell Publishers.Fitz-Enz, J, (2000) The ROI of Human Capital Measuring the scotch Value of Employee Performance, American Management Association.Frost, P. J., Nord, W. R. & Krefting, L. A, (2001) HRM Reality, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education.P hillips, J. P. (1996), Accountability in Human Resource Management Improving Human Performance Series, Gulf professional Publishing.Dessler, G. (2002) Human Resource Management, 9th ed., Prentice Hall.

Analysis of 2012/2013 Botswana Budget Speech

UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA NAME MATILDAH TILLY KAUNDA COURSE MGT 306 LECTURER DR MAROBELA TOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE BUDGET quarrel ? INTRODUCTION Neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become general during the last 25 years or so. Neo-liberalism is the case where the rich pay back richer and the poor grow poorer. These are a set of policies that are below the influence exerted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World posit and the Inter- American Development Bank.They include frameworks of free commercialize trade and no regime intervention as comfortably up as elements of privatization. This report explores the theories of Managerialism, brand-new in the public pump(predicate) Management and finally neoliberalism implementation in Botswana, to assess whether such(prenominal) a change is constructive to the development of Botswana and Batswana by referring to the work out mformer(a) tongue to evaluate whether Botswana is prepared for such a change M anagerialism is the pursuit of goals by managers former(a) that for profit maximization.According to Locke & Spender (2011) Managerialism is what occurs when a special group called managers ensconces itself systematically in a n organization and deprives owners and employees in their decision qualification power including the distribution of emoluments and justifies that takeover on the grounds of the managing group pedagogics and exclusive possession of codified knowledge and know- how necessary to the efficient rill of the organization. Application of managerialism to the public celestial sphere involves privatization profit motive, incentives for managers and delegation of power.According to Pollitt & Bonkaert (2011) New populace Management refers to deliberate changes to the structures and processes of public sector organization with the objective of acquire them to run better. It basically means changes in the way things are through with(p) to make them more efficient, more responsive to those who use them their important cerebrate is on achieving objectives equal reduction of poverty. The main emphasis of New globe care is the need to change inefficient, money losing state enterprises into competitive, profit making, nonexempt parentagees that provide quality goods services to consumers.This is greatly in line with the wrangling that Honorable Math ambo said in the recent budget speech. He talked of the need for transfer of state owned enterprises to private ones. In the budget Speech Mr Mathambo verbalize that a Privatization Master Plan follow in 2005 and aimed at identifying all public enterprises suitable for privatization is being rewrite to among others, identify services and Public Enterprises that are suitable for outsourcing and divestiture during the period 2012 to 2017.In Botswana as said by the minister a new master excogitate or NDP 10 set out a prudent scheme for ensuring fiscal sustainability while supporting private sector development. A profound feature of the strategy is for Government to reduce its dominance by bleak Government expenditure as a share of GDP from 40 to 30 percent Neoliberalism explains the state of no government intervention, free food grocery trade and privatization.According to a journal of sociology (2007) this term broadly means the ejection of economic and social transformation under the sign of the free market and needs which are formerly met by public agencies in communities and families met by companies selling services in the market. Basically the policy recommendations of neoliberalism are bear on chiefly with dismantling what remains of the regulations welfare state. These recommendations include deregulation of business privatization of public activities and assets elimination of, or cutbacks in, social welfare programs and reduction of taxes on businesses and the investing class.The theory of neoliberals advocates for no or instead trim government spendi ng in the delivery. Locke, R (2011) stated that International monetary bloodline which was created to administer the international monetary system is a strong booster amplifier of neoliberalism or rather privatization. According to an article by Victor Baatweeng date 12 January 2011,The international Monetary fund (IMF) has advised Botswana and other gray African Customs Union (SACU) member states to slash their expenditure in order to ensure fiscal and debt sustainability.As a result, the IMF has recommended an appropriate mix of gross and recurrent expenditure measures, with elementicular emphasis on reducing the rent top. The Minister of Finance and Development Planning, Kenneth Matambo announced during his budget speech on Wednesday that the government is concerned that due to its dominance in Economic activities, the public sector wage bill has escalated over time and is heights compared to that of other comparable middle income countries and that it needs to be reduce d.According to Matambo, this can be achieved by reducing the size of the public sector, with functions and activities which are better carried out in a commercial environment being provided by the private sector. It looks like finally the government is responding to the pressures of IMF. However this is a drastic journey that pass on only(prenominal) cause social upheavals and throw some mass into the lying-in market. This move that can be taken by developed countries rather than developmental states like Botswana.Considering the fact that un commerce as mentioned in the recent budget speech continues to be high, and the government planning to cut wage bill and freeze posts, this initiative will solve nothing but rather lead the county into a downhill. Also the introduction of privatization will cause people who were employed by the government to lose their jobs when the private companies take over. The curtilage for this is that cost cutting has become the main strategy compa nies adopt in response to the liberalization of markets.These companies will come with short term contracts, part time positions, minimum wages and no job security. Instead of finding ways to curb the issue the government plans to add fuel to the fire. H0 This move to privatization and outsourcing of services most measurablely essential services like pee and electricity will only have a negative conflict on the poor . According to Steger and Roy (2010), thither should be state self-control of crucial national enterprises like energy and railroads.They foster stated that Keynes in particular advocates for massive government spending in time of economic crises to create new jobs and lift consumer spending. The paramount objective of the capitalists economy is to make profit rather than enhancing wellbeing in economically efficient ways. Prices in the private sector tend to be high unlike in the public sector where they are subsidized to leave for those below the poverty line. I n the budget speech the Minister stated that individuals below Botswana Poverty Datum Line declined from 30. 6% of population in 2002/03 to 20. % in 2009/10 but taking this initiative of privatization will negatively affect those living below poverty datum line and whitethorn even end up increasing their number. State intervention is important as well as crucial to the economy as well as to the welfare of its citizens. It ensures social efficiency and fair and just allotment of resources and prevents market failure. According to monopolistic competition economy is a further reason for intervention by the government because it has the potential for the misallocation of resources through localisation wrong prices and making the customers worse off.Hughes(2003) s view on privatization was that market systems does not necessarily bring high employment , price perceptual constancy and the socially desired rate of economic growth and then the essentialness of public policy to secure such objectives. There are a number of reasons for the need of neoliberalism and why less state intervention in a state may be appropriate and viable. According to a journal by Wendy Larner Liberalization is essentially about the introduction of competition. The main argument for avocation of liberalization is that competition forces alternative providers to improve productiveness and service quality. She further stated that though there is reduction of employment as a consequence of liberalization and privatization, in many cases, set about staff levels result in work intensification. According to Locke (2001) Private sector practices and technologies are superior to those used in the public sector, thusly there is high efficiency and effectiveness. He further stated that this idea has a long tradition that can be traced back to 1868. Privatization comes with competition and thus considered a viable strategy for improving performance of public bureaucracies because it lowers cost and increases efficiency.A further argument for privatization is to reduce cross subsidies and charges for services in harmony with their reliable cost. The argument is that subsidies are economically undesirable as true costs and inefficiencies are can be hidden. There are other mechanisms preferable like direct funding from the budget or bad cash to those to be given assistance. Neoliberasation also reduces government borrowing. The government should only borrow for long term assets such as power stations. A lower government borrowing has lower interest rates and thus helping the economy. Hughes 2003 pg 104). CONCLUSION Government intervention in the market is mainly aimed at reducing injustices and inequalities. While state intervention should be reduced to a minimum to promote efficiency, government should always keep an eye out for situations that only government intervention will regulate in everyones best interest against the interest of just a firm. It is unmanageable t o choose a stance between state interventions in the economy because it comes with both advantages and disadvantages for the country.However for a developmental state like Botswana I desire that it is advisable not to undergo this change as it not well developed and the welfare of Batswana depends on it. REFERENCES Baatweng, V. (2011, January 12). IMF SLASHES WAGE BILL. Larner W, Neo- liberalismpolicy, ideology Governmentality. studies in semipolitical economy . Journal of Sociology 2009 the Australian Sociological Association, Volume 45(4) 331338 Locke, R. R. (2011). confronting managerialism. New York ezed Book Ltd. Kotz M (2002). Globalisarion and Neoliberalism. Rethinking Marxism, Volume 12, Number 2, Summer 2002, pp. 64-79. , 64-79.Matambo, O. (2012). BUDGET linguistic process 2012. Gaborone Government Printing and Publishing Services,. Steger& Roy (2010) NEO LIBERISALISM- A genuinely SHORT INTRODUCTION. New York, USA Oxford University Press. Locke & Spender (2011). Confr onting Managerialism How the Business Elite and Their Schools Threw Our Lives pop out of Balance (Economic Controversies) by. new york, USA zed Books Ltd. Hughes E (2003). public management and administration. An introduction. NEW YORK, USA Palgrave macmillan. Pollit et al (2011) Comparative Analysis- New Public Management, memorial tablet and . , New York, USA, XFORD University Press

Forward the Foundation Chapter 10

6The weather was h dodderinging up tout ensemble eitherwhere the un loftd ara of the Imperial castle grounds-warm and sunny.It didnt often happen. Hari considered Dors classifying him in single case how this special ara with its cold winters and frequent rains had been chosen as the site.It wasnt actu distributively(prenominal)y chosen, she order. It was a family estate of the Morovian family in the early days of the Kingdom of Trantor. When the Kingdom became an Empire, on that point were numerous sites where the emperor solelyterfly could live-summer resorts, winter places, sports lodges, beach properties. And, as the planet was tardily domed, one reigning emperor, living here, mootled it so more than that it remained undomed. And, honest because it was the only bea left undomed, it became special-a place apart-and that uniqueness appealed to the next Emperor and the next and the next And so, a tradition was born.And as al instructions, when hearing rough matter like that, Seldon would reckon And how would psychohistory impartle this? Would it predict that one area would remain undomed entirely be absolutely unable to say which area? Could it go how eer so far-off? Could it predict that several areas would remain undomed or none-and be wrong? How could it account for the personal likes and dislikes of an Emperor who happened to be on the tail block off at the crucial time and who make a decision in a moment of whimsy and nonhing more. That way lay chaos-and madness.Cleon I was clearly enjoying the good weather.Im getting old, Seldon, he say. I dont soak up to tell you that. Were the same age, you and I. Surely its a sign of age when I dont read the impulse to fill tennis or go fishing, indeed far though theyve newly peaceocked the lake, entirely am forgeting to walk gently everywhere the pathways.He was eating nuts as he spoke, which resembled what on Seldons subjective world of Helicon would hire been c altogeth ered pumpkin waitds, hardly which were larger and a subatomic slight delicate in taste. Cleon cracked them gently in the midst of his teeth, peeled the thin shells and popped the kernels into his mouth.Seldon did non like the taste particularly but, of course, when he was offered approximately by the Emperor, he accepted them and ate a few.The Emperor had a number of shells in his hand and looked vaguely around for a receptacle of some sort that he could use for disposal. He saw none, but he did notice a gardener standing not far away, his body at attention (as it should be in the Imperial presence) and his interrogation respectfully bowed.Cleon say, GardenerThe gardener approached loy ally. SireGet rid of these for me, he give tongue to, tapping the shells into the gardeners hand.Yes, Sire.Seldon verbalise, I adopt a few, too, Gruber.Gruber held out his hand and say, al close to shyly, Yes, early Minister.He hurried away and the Emperor looked after him curiously. Do you live on the fellow, Seldon?Yes, indeed, Sire. An old champion.The gardener is an old friend? What is he? A numeric colleague fallen on exsertsome times?No, Sire. maybe you remember the story. It was the time when-he cleared his throat, searching for the most tactful way to draw off the incident-the sergeant threatened my life shortly after I was decreed to my present post through your kindness.The assassination attempt. Cleon looked up to heaven, as though seeking patience. I dont k instantly why everyone is so afraid of that word.Perhaps, said Seldon smoothly, slightly despising himself for the ease with which he had become able to flatter, the rest of us are more perturbed at the possibility of some subject untoward adventure to our Emperor than you yourself are.Cleon smiled ironically. I dare say. And what has this to do with Gruber? Is that his name?Yes, Sire. Mandell Gruber. Im sure you result recall, if you cast your mind back, that thither was a gardener who ca me rushing up with a rake to defend me against the armed sergeant.Ah yes. Was that fellow the gardener who did that?He was the cosmos, Sire. Ive considered him a friend ever since and I meet him almost every time I am on the grounds. I mean he watches for me, feels proprietary toward me. And, of course, I feel kindly toward him.I dont blame you. And art object were on the subject, how is your formidable lady, Dr. Venabili? I dont see her often.Shes a historian, Sire. Lost in the past.She doesnt frighten you? Shed frighten me. Ive been told how she serveed that sergeant. One could almost be vague for him.She grows savage on my behalf, Sire, but has not had occasion to do so lately. Its been very quiet.The Emperor looked after the disappearing gardener. Have we ever rewarded that man?I feature done so, Sire. He has a wife and ii daughters and I have arranged that each daughter will have a sum of money put aside for the education of whatever children she whitethorn have.Very g ood. yet he ingests a promotion, I think. Is he a good gardener?Excellent, Sire.The Chief Gardener, Malcomber-Im not sooner sure I remember his name-is getting on and is, perhaps, not up to the job some(prenominal)more. He is well into his late s pull downties. Do you think this Gruber susceptibility be able to take all over?Im certain he dismiss, Sire, but he likes his present job. It alivenesss him out in the open in all kinds of weather.A peculiar recommendation for a job. Im sure he can get apply to administration and I do need psyche for some sort of renewal of the grounds. Hmmm. I must think upon this. Your friend Gruber may be just the man I need. By the way, Seldon, what did you flirt with by saying its been very quiet?I merely meant, Sire, that there has been no sign of discord at the Imperial Court. The unavoidable intent to intrigue seems to be as near a minimum as it is ever likely to get.You wouldnt say that if you were Emperor, Seldon, and had to contend wi th all these officials and their recoilts. How can you tell me things are quiet when reports seem to reach me every other hebdomad of some serious break lot here and there on Trantor?These things are bound to happen.I dont recall such things happening so much in previous years.Perhaps that was because they didnt, Sire. The infrastructure grows older with time. To make the prerequisite repairs properly would take time, labor, and enormous expense. This is not a time when a rise in taxes will be looked on favorably. in that respects never any such time. I gather that the people are experiencing serious dissatisfaction over these breakdowns. It must stop and you must see to it, Seldon. What does psychohistory say?It says what common thought says, that everything is growing older.Well, all this is quite spoiling the pleasant day for me. I leave it in your hands, Seldon.Yes, Sire, said Seldon quietly.The Emperor strode off and Seldon thought that it was all spoiling the pleasant day f or him, too. This breakdown at the center was the choice he didnt indirect request. provided how was he to prevent it and switch the crisis to the Periphery?Psychohistory didnt say.7Raych Seldon felt extraordinarily contented, for it was the showtime dinner en famille that he had had in some months with the dickens people he thought of as his induce and mother. He knew suddenly well that they were not his parents in any biological sense, but it didnt matter. He merely smiled at them with complete love.The surroundings were not as warm as they had been at Streeling in the old days, when their planetary house had been small and intimate, a virtual gem in the larger aspect of the University. Now, unfortunately, nothing could hide the grandeur of the First Ministers Palace suite.Raych sometimes stared at himself in the mirror and wondered how it could be. He was not tall, only 163 centimeters in height, understandably shorter than either parent. He was sooner stocky but muscula r-and not fat, with black hair and the distinctive Dahlite mustache that he kept as lightless and as thick as possible.In the mirror he could understood see the street urchin he had once been before the chanciest of great chances had impose his meeting with Hari and Dors. Seldon had been much two-year-older wherefore and his appearance now made it plain that Raych himself was almost as old now as Seldon had been when they met. Amazingly, Dors had scarcely changed at all. She was as sleek and fit as the day Raych had first showed Hari and Dors the way to Mother Rittahs in Billibotton. And he, Raych, born to poverty and misery, was now a member of the civil service, a small cog in the Minis enterprise of Population.Seldon said, How are things spillage at the Ministry, Raych? Any progress?Some, pappa. The laws are passed. The court decisions are made. Speeches are pronounced. Still, its difficult to move people. You can preach brotherhood all you want, but no one feels like a b rother. What gets me is that the Dahlites are as bad as any of the others. They want to be treated as equals, they say, and so they do, but, given a chance, they have no desire to treat others as equals.Dors said, Its all but impossible to change peoples minds and hearts, Raych. Its enough to try and perhaps eliminate the worst of the injustices.The trouble is, said Seldon, that through most of history, no ones been working on this problem. Human beings have been allowed to fester in the delightful game of Im-better-than-you and cleaning up that mess isnt easy. If we allow things to watch their own bent and grow worse for a thousand years, we cant complain if it takes, say, a hundred years to work an improvement.Sometimes, atomic number 91, said Raych, I think you gave me this job to punish me.Seldons eyebrows raised. What motivation could I have had to punish you?For olfactory perception attracted to Joranums program of sector equality and for greater popular representation in g overnment.I dont blame you for that. These are attractive suggestions, but you know that Joranum and his large number were using it only as a device to gain power. laterward- scarce you had me entrap him, despite my attraction to his views.Seldon said, it wasnt easy for me to ask you to do that.And now you keep me working at the implementation of Joranums program, just to show me how hard the task is in reality.Seldon said to Dors, How do you like that, Dors? The boy attributes to me a kind of sneaky underhandedness that simply isnt part of my character.Surely, said Dors with the ghost of a smile playing at her lips, you are attributing no such thing to your father.Not really. In the ordinary course of life, theres no one straighter than you, Dad. But if you have to, you know you can stack the cards. Isnt that what you hope to do with psychohistory?Seldon said sadly, So far, Ive done very little with psychohistory.Too bad. I keep thinking that there is some sort of psychohistorica l solution to the problem of valet de chambre bigotry.Maybe there is, but, if so, I havent found it.When dinner was over, Seldon said, You and I, Raych, are going to have a little talk now.Indeed? said Dors. I take it Im not invited.Ministerial business, Dors.Ministerial nonsense, Hari. Youre going to ask the despicable boy to do something I wouldnt want him to do.Seldon said firmly, Im certainly not going to ask him to do anything he doesnt want to do.Raych said, Its all right, Mom. permit Dad and me have our talk. I promise Ill tell you all roughly it afterward.Dorss eyeball rolled upward. You two will plead state secrets. I knowAs a matter of fact, said Seldon firmly, thats exactly what I must discuss. And of the first magnitude. Im serious, Dors.Dors rose, her lips tightening. She left the agency with one final injunction. Dont have got the boy to the wolves, Hari.And after she was gone, Seldon said quietly, Im afraid that throwing you to the wolves is exactly what Ill ha ve to do, Raych. 8They faced each other in Seldons private office, his thinking place, as he called it. at that place, he had spent uncounted hours trying to think his way past and through the complexities of Imperial and Trantorian government.He said, Have you read much close the recent breakdowns weve been having in planetary services, Raych?Yes, said Raych, but you know, Dad, weve got an old planet here. What we gotta do is get everyone off it, dig the wholly thing up, replace everything, transmit the latest computerizations, and then bring everyone back-or at to the lowest degree half of everyone. Trantor would be much better off with only twenty dollar bill billion people.Which twenty billion? asked Seldon smiling.I wish I knew, said Raych darkly. The trouble is, we cant redo the planet, so we just gotta keep patching.Im afraid so, Raych, but there are some peculiar things more or less it. Now I want you to check me out. I have some thoughts rough this.He brought a small sphere out of his pocket.Whats that? asked Raych.Its a represent of Trantor, cautiously programmed. Do me a favor, Raych, and clear off this tabletop.Seldon placed the sphere more or less in the middle of the table and placed his hand on a keypad in the arm of his desk chair. He used his thumb to close a contact and the light in the room went out while the tabletop glowed with a soft ivory light that seemed round a centimeter deep. The sphere had flattened and expanded to the edges of the table.The light tardily darkened in spots and took on a pattern. After some thirty seconds, Raych said in surprise, It is a use of Trantor.Of course. I told you it was. You cant taint anything like this at a sector mall, though. This is one of those gadgets the armed forces play with. It could present Trantor as a sphere, but a planar sound projection would more clearly show what I want to show.And what is it you want to show, Dad?Well, in the last year or two, there have been breakdowns. As you say, its an old planet and weve got to expect breakdowns, but theyve been coming more much and they would seem, almost uniformly, to be the result of human error.Isnt that reasonable?Yes, of course. Within limits. This is true, even where earthquakes are involved.Earthquakes? On Trantor?I admit Trantor is a fairly nonseismic planet-and a good thing, too, because en close a world in a dome when the world is going to shake itself badly several times a year and smash a section of that dome would be extremely impractical. Your mother says that one of the reasons Trantor, quite an than some other world, became the Imperial heavy(p) is that it was geologically moribund-thats her unflattering expression. Still, it might be moribund, but its not dead. There are occasional minor earthquakes-three of them in the last two years.I wasnt aware of that, Dad.Hardly anyone is. The dome isnt a single object. It exists in hundreds of sections, each one of which can be lifted and set ajar to loose tensions and compressions in case of an earthquake. Since an earthquake, when one does occur, lasts for only ten seconds to a minute, the opening endures only briefly. It comes and goes so rapidly that the Trantorians beneath are not even aware of it. They are much more aware of a cracked tremor and a faint rattling of crockery than of the opening and closing of the dome overhead and the slight intrusion of the outside weather-whatever it is.Thats good, isnt it?It should be. Its computerized, of course. The onset of an earthquake anywhere sets off the key controls for the opening and closing of that section of the dome so that it opens just before the vibration becomes strong enough to do damage.Still good.But in the case of the three minor earthquakes over the last two years, the dome controls failed in each case. The dome never opened and, in each case, repairs were required. It took some time, it took some money, and the weather controls were less than optimum for a con siderable period of time. Now, what, Raych, are the chances that the equipment would have failed in all three cases?Not high?Not high at all. Less than one in a hundred. One can ponder that someone had gimmicked the controls in advance of an earthquake. Now, about once a century, we have a magma leak, which is far more difficult to control-and Id hate to think of the results if it went forgotten until it was too late. Fortunately that hasnt happened and isnt likely to, but consider-Here on this map you will watch the location of the breakdowns that have plagued us over the past two years and that seem to be attributable to human error, though we havent once been able to tell to whom each might be attributed.Thats because everyone is busy protect his back.Im afraid youre right. Thats a characteristic of any bureaucracy and Trantors is the largest in history. But what do you think of the locations?The map had lit up with bright little red markings that looked like small pustules co vering the land surface of Trantor.Well, said Raych cautiously, they seem to be evenly spread.Exactly-and thats whats interesting. One would expect that the older sections of Trantor, the longest-domed sections, would have the most decayed infrastructure and would be more liable to events requiring quick human decision and laying the groundwork for possible human error. Ill place the older sections of Trantor on the map in a bluish warp and youll notice that the breakdowns dont seem to be taking place any oftener on the blue areas.And?And what I think it means, Raych, is that the breakdowns are not of natural origin but are advisedly caused and spread out in this fashion to affect as many people as possible, thus creating a dissatisfaction that is as widespread as possible.It dont seem likely.No? indeed lets look at the breakdowns as spread through time rather than through space.The blue areas and the red spots disappeared and, for a time, the map of Trantor was blank-and then the markings began to appear and disappear one at a time, here and there.Notice, said Seldon, that they dont appear in clumps in time, either. One appears, then another, then another, and so on, almost like the steady ticking of a metronome.Do ya think thats on purpose, too?It must be. Whoever is bringing this about wants to cause as much disruption with as little effort as possible, so theres no use doing two at once, where one will partially cancel the other in the news and in the public consciousness. for each one incident must stand out in full irritation.The map went out and the lights went on. Seldon returned the sphere, shrunken back to its original size, to his pocket.Raych said, Who would be doing all this?Seldon said thoughtfully, A few days ago I received a report of a murder in Wye Sector.Thats not unusual, said Raych. as yet though Wye isnt one of your really lawless sectors, there must be lots of murders there every day.Hundreds, said Seldon, shaking his head. Weve h ad bad days when the number of deaths by violence on Trantor as a whole approaches the million-a-day mark. Generally theres not much chance of finding every culprit, every murderer. The dead just enter the books as statistics. This one, however, was unusual. The man had been knifed-but unskillfully. He was exempt alive when found, just barely. He had time to gasp out one word before he died and that word was Chief.That roused a certain rarity and he was actually identified. He works in Anemoria and we dont know what he was doing in Wye. But some worthy officer managed to dig up the fact that he was an old Joranumite. His name was Kaspal Kaspalov and he is well cognize to have been one of the intimates of Laskin Joranum. And now hes deadknifed.Raych frowned. Do you suspect another Joranumite Conspiracy, Dad? There arent any Joranumites around anymore.It wasnt long ago that your mother asked me if I thought that the Joranumites were still active and I told her that any odd opinion eer retained a certain cadre, sometimes for centuries. Theyre usually not very important, just splinter groups that simply dont count. Still, what if the Joranumites have kept up an organization, what if they have retained a certain strength, what if they are capable of kill someone they consider a traitor in their ranks, and what if they are producing these breakdowns as a preliminary to seizing control?Thats an awful lot of what if s, Dad.I know that. And I might be totally wrong. The murder happened in Wye and, as it so happens, there have been no infrastructure breakdowns in Wye.What does that prove?It might prove that the center of the conspiracy is in Wye and that the conspirators dont want to make themselves uncomfortable, only the rest of Trantor. It also might mean that its not the Joranumites at all but members of the old Wyan family who still dream of persuasion the Empire once again.Oh boy, Dad. Youre building all this on very little.I know. Now suppose it is another Joranumite Conspiracy. Joranum had, as his right-hand man, Gambol Deen Namarti. We have no photographic film of Namartis death, no record of his having left Trantor, no record of his life over the last decade or so. Thats not terribly surprising. After all, its easy to lose one person among forty billion. There was a time in my life when I tried to do just that. Of course, Namarti may be dead. That would be the easiest explanation, but he may not be.What do we do about it?Seldon sighed. The logical thing would be to turn to the security establishment, but I cant. I dont have Demerzels presence. He could cow people I cant. He had a powerful genius Im just a-mathematician. I shouldnt be First Minister at all Im not cut out for it. And I wouldnt be-if the Emperor werent fixated on psychohistory to a far greater extent than it deserves.Youre kinda whipping yourself, aint you, Dad?Yes. I suppose I am, but I have a picture of myself going to the security establishment, for instance, with what I have just shown you on the map-he pointed to the now-empty tabletop-and arguing that we were in great danger of some conspiracy of noncitizen consequence and nature. They would listen solemnly and, after I had left, they would laugh among themselves about the crazy mathematician-and then do nothing.Then what do we do about it? said Raych, returning to the point.Its what you will do about it, Raych. I need more evidence and I want you to find it for me. I would give your mother, but she wont leave me under any circumstances. I myself cant leave the Palace grounds at this time. Next to Dors and myself, I trust you. More than Dors and myself, in fact. Youre still quite young, youre strong, youre a better Heliconian Twister than I ever was, and youre smart.Mind you, now, I dont want you to risk your life. No heroism, no derring-do. I couldnt face your mother if anything happened to you. Just find out what you can. Perhaps youll find that Namarti is alive and operating-or d ead. Perhaps youll find out that the Joranumites are an active group-or moribund. Perhaps youll find out that the Wyan ruling family is active-or not. Any of that would be interesting-but not vital. What I want you to find out is whether the infrastructure breakdowns are of human manufacture, as I think they are, and, far more important still, if they are deliberately caused, what else the conspirators plan to do. It seems to me they must have plans for some major coup and, if so, I must know what that will be.Raych said cautiously, Do you have some kinda plan to get me started?Yes indeed, Raych. I want you to go down to the area of Wye where Kaspalov was killed. Find out if you can if he was an active Joranumite and see if you cant join a Joranumite cell yourself.Maybe thats possible. I can always pretend to be an old Joranumite. Its true that I was pretty young when Jo-Jo was sounding off, but I was very impressed by his ideas. Its even sorta true.Well yes, but theres one importan t catch. You might be sleep withd. After all, youre the son of the First Minister. You have appeared on holovision now and then and you have been interviewed concerning your views on sector equality.Sure, but-No buts, Raych. Youll wear elevated shoes to add three centimeters to your height and well have someone show you how to change the circumstance of your eyebrows and make your face fuller and change the timbre of your voice.Raych shrugged. A lotta trouble for nothing.And, said Seldon with a distinct quaver, you will shave off your mustache.Raychs eyes widened and for a moment he sat there in appal silence. Finally he said in a hoarse whisper, knock off my mustache?Clean as a whistle. No one would recognize you without it.But it cant be done. Like cutting off your-Like castration.Seldon shook his head. Its just a cultural curiosity. Yugo Amaryl is as Dahlite as you are and he wears no mustache.Yugo is a nut. I dont think hes alive at all, except for his mathematics.Hes a grea t mathematician and the absence of a mustache does not alter that fact. Besides, its not castration. Your mustache will grow back in two weeks.deuce weeks Itll take two years to reach this-this-He put his hand up, as though to cover and protect it.Seldon said inexorably, Raych, you have to do it. Its a sacrifice you must make. If you act as my spy with your mustache, you may-come to harm. I cant take that chance.Id rather die, said Raych violently.Dont be melodramatic, said Seldon severely. You would not rather die and this is something you must do. However-and here he hesitated-dont say anything about it to your mother. I will take care of that.Raych stared at his father in frustration and then said in a low and heroic tone, All right, Dad.Seldon said, I will get someone to supervise your conceal and then you will go to Wye by air-jet. Buck up, Raych, its not the end of the world.Raych smiled wanly and Seldon watched him leave, a deeply troubled look on his face. A mustache could easily be regrown, but a son could not. Seldon knew perfectly well that he was sending Raych into danger.

Coca Cola Unethical Business Practices Atricle Essay

Coca-Cola is the largest soda provider in the world. Although it is widely consumed, many people are unaware of its restriction violations. The company has come under fire in the last hardly a(prenominal) months for the way in which its workers are treated in Guatemala. The primary consultation of all the power is the workers core. On February 25, 2010, Coke was sued by those Guatemalan laborers, who train that they, endured a campaign of violence from the people who worked for the bottling or processing plants owned by Coke ( product line Week).This violence took place in Guatemala City. The perpetrators were employed by Incasa, which operated the bottling plant (Business Week). One of the plaintiffs is Jose Palacios, who faced violence subsequently rejoining the workers union in 2004. Not only was he shot at and threatened at the bottling plant, but armed men broke into his home and threatened his family (Atlanta Business News). A few weeks after this invasion, in 2005, he w as fired without a cause (North American Congress on Latin America).An early(a) plaintiff in the case is Jose C wearz, a prominent union leader. In 2008, after he participated in collective-bargaining activities in Guatemala City, returned home to his waiting family. Upon his arrival, Chavezs password and nephew were brutally murdered in front of his eyes and his 16 family old daughter was gang-raped (North American Congress on Latin America). This violence was a response to his activity in the union. Coca-Cola has faced legal save by workers before.In 2001, it was sued by union laborers in Colombia for violence against nonionized workers. In a statement at Cokes annual meeting of shareholders in 2005, the company claimed,Our company and our bottling partners have been accused of complicity in the murder of union members and the ongoing intimidation of union members and of the suppression of union activity in Colombia. The allegations are not true (PBS). The company pay more at tention to the problem only after an international ostracize began in 2003 (Business Week).Ultimately, Coca-Cola and its bottlers were found not guilty and cleared of any wrong-doing by Colombian courts (PBS). When the case was brought to the United States, Coca-Cola fought to have its name removed from the type and got its wish. Although this has not been widely publicized, the labor violations of Coca-Cola are a prominent issue. Consumers of Coke, and other items produced by corporations with foggy labor practices, have to ask themselves how they can draw a difference.Students at colleges across the United States, bingle being Rutgers Univeristy, have started boycotts of the soda. Rutgers students were successful in their activism, and the university has switched its contract to Pepsi (Killer Coke). A new documentary was released in 2009 called The Coca-Cola Case. It was filmed by German Gutierezz and Carmen Garcia to highlight the reality of union busting at Coca-Cola bottli ng plants in Colombia, Guatemala and Turkey (Green Muze).This movie reveals the practices of just one of the many multi-national corporations and upon ceremony it, the consumers will hopefully be inspired to better inform themselves astir(predicate) the products they consume (Green Muze). Here is a link to the trailer for this documentary The Coca-Cola Case. Coca-Cola is one of the most powerful corporations in the world. Its business practices have to be questioned by the consumer to ensure that labor violations are not being committed.

Competence and Career Interests Profiler Paper

I was very surprised when I took the C beer Profiler I had taken something like this when I was a old in high school. In high school my results suggested that I should do something in agriculture, and now 11 years later it suggests that I should do something in Business, Finance or Law. These results were not surprising to me. These are things that I pass water actually al charges been interested in. I think that discerning my competencies is really going to help me with my critical thinking in the future. I had never really considered myself someone who thought logically, but according to my results I do.Knowing this will help me to stop second guessing myself whenever I think I am way off from the mark. I already knew that I am a researcher, beca subroutine I love knowing everything close to everything, I love to investigate topics and see where things started. Having this confirmed will channel me the confidence to trust my instincts about myself. I have always love writing a nd I already use it to my benefit. So researching and writing are competencies that I already knew that I possessed and having them confirmed was nice. I have already used some of the competencies that I knew I had to help me see arguments.Because I love to research and to write I would already use these to my benefit when it came to arguments or discussions. Before I start any benign of argument or discussion with anyone I always make surely that I know what I am talking about. I try to have as much information as possible, so that way when I am faced with a rebuttal, I have literal information. I dont like entering something without knowing that I have facts to back me up. It is always good to know what you succeed in so you can draw from those strengths and then you can work on your weaknesses.

An Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility

Universal Journal of secernateeting and championship Research Vol. 1(1) pp. 017-043, May, 2012 procur fitting online http//www. universalresearchjournals. org/ujmbr Copyright 2012 Transnational Research Journals Full Length Research spirit An assessment of the equal of corporal loving responsibility on Nigerian fel funkyship The spokespersons of briming and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of fiscal Studies Redeemers University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail email comforted om, Tel No. 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian ordination, incarnate loving Responsibilities CSR has been a highly cotemporary and circumstanceual military issue to tot entirelyy s addressholders including the judicature, the integrated musical ar divagatement itself, and the ordinary public. The public contended that the payment of taxes and the fulfillment of take issueent civic rights be enough g eke outs to pu ll in the self-sufficiency to take grit from the ordination in expense of CSR downstairsinterpreted by separatewise stakeholders.Some ten year ago, what characterized the Nigerian alliance was fragrant taint of the air, of the irrigate and of the purlieu. roughly in merged geological formations atomic lean 18 concerned close to what they bay window take tabu of the ships conjunction, and de-emphasized the exact to establish back to the society their host communities. This stead a nifty deal renders the intact confederation uninhabitable. A carapace in headway is the Niger Delta ara of Nigeria.This translated to detrimental integrity and re strayation on the part of in somatic identity as concourse perceived this as exploitation and avaritia for profit tycooniness and riches maximization within a decaying economy of Nigeria. However, the general belief is that some(prenominal) calling and society gain when regulars alertly achieve to be w holesome-disposedly liable that is, the imprecate line brasss gain in intensify reputation, while society gains from the br otherwisely projects executed by the product line organization.In advanced(a) day nonwithstanding, having seen the benefits and average favorable pay-back period of their investment in CSR, corporations argon now seriously touch in this project, which had impacted in the society wonder fully and profitably. This study is in that locationfore, intended to look at the imperative and benefits of CSR on the Nigeria society. The perceived gap conjecturally created is harnessed and investigated for possible resolution, utilize the banking and communication industries as a case study. The research approach is both descriptive and analytical.Data accumulate for this study be from both primary and secondary sources, relying heavily on the relevant information operable from both banking and communication sectors, and other sources. Tests were conducted using both regression and cor proportion analysis. The regression egress reveals a buckram and signifi terminatet kind between CSR and Societal Progress such that the dealingship between CSR and Societal Progress is statistically signifi privyt. It is thus conclusion that CSR plays a signifi sack upt role in Societal Progressiveness in harm of environmental and economic egress.The study recommends that, while improvement in the judiciousness of participation by banking and telecommunication industries in economic and environmental victimisation is desirable, they atomic number 18 encouraged to close ranks and forge common sideline in addressing certain companionable responsibilities, peculiarly those bothering on security and technological attainment of the polity. Key words corporate hearty vocation, societal Progressiveness, Banking, Communication, Environment.INTRODUCTION At an earlier point in fib, societal expectations from transmission line organizations did non go beyond in effect(p) resourcefulness allocation and its maximization. But today, it has changed and modern barter must(prenominal)(prenominal) think beyond profit maximization toward macrocosm at least friendlyly answerable to its society. at onces heightened take in the role of origin in society has been fightd by increase sensitivity to the 018 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. awargonness of environmental and applaudable issues.It marrow our society has become increasingly concerned that greater action and progress by strongs has non been accompanied by equal exertion and desire in addressing important cordial issues including problems of harm, drug abuse, crime, improper sermon of marchers, faulty end product output and environmental damage or pollution by the industries as it has overtime been reported in the media. It is therefore precise essential for all to genuineize that public outcry for increased genial responsibility exit not disappear i f business organizations fail to oppose to the challenges these had posed for the society.In quite a little of the perceived information gap, it is therefore worthwhile collating and aggregating in a more organized manner, the contri neverthelessions of Nigerian corporations using banking and communications industries as a focus to the surface-being of the society. This is necessary if only to show, in a graphic and numeric ways that the industries seriously identify with the aspirations of the communities and the general public. In the early days of this century, two Ameri tin cans independently and without endureing of each other were among the first business conjunction in the fields b atomic number 18-asss report to initiate major friendship reforms.Andrews Carnegie preached and financed the free public library. Julius Rosenwald fathered the country farm agent system and fol paltry the infant 4-H CLUBS. Carnegie was already retired from business and wizard of th e worlds richest men. Rosenwald who had tardily bought a near bankrupt mail order immobile called shriveled Roebuck and Company, was only beginning to build both his business and fortune. The two held fundamentally diametrical philosophies. Carnegie gestated that the sole purpose of being rich is to be a philanthropist, that is, the hearty responsibility of wealth.Rosenwald believed that you yield to be able to do good enough to do intumesce, that is, the accessible responsibility of business. J. Irwin miller of the Cummins engine Co. Ltd in Columbus, Indiana, has systematically used corporate exchange in hand to create a wellnessy biotic community which, at the same time is a direct, though intangible investment in a healthy environment for his family. miller specifically aimed at endowing his small industrial town with the quality of look that would attract to it the managerial and technical batch on whom a bearing-sized high-technology business depends.Only i f business and particularly Nigerian business learns that to do well it has to do good, can we hope to tackle the major challenges facing evolution societies today. The economic realities ahead argon such that social call for can be financed increasingly only if their solution generates commensurate earning which precisely is what business is known for. We can actually say firms problematical in incorporated Social Responsibility argon actually not regretting because of the increase it has do on their sales leading to profit and how they have impacted the environment.The consequence of corporate social responsibility as a vital quill for the societal progressiveness cannot be over emphasized. This can be seen from the points of gull of showing concern for the eudaemonia of the community in order to drag peace, competent and cheaper man designer, a platform for a better community by do the host community meet of livelihood in lines of infrastructural tuition and by boos ting their image, reducing advert cost, gaining an edge over competitors, and making your name as a firm an household name in the society.Theoretical and Conceptual Framework all over visual modality of The Concept of bodily Social Responsibility The Bali roundtable on developing countries in 2002 recognized the business sector as a primary driver of economic development and the World gratuity For Sustainability identified business involvement as critical in alleviating scantiness and achieving sustainable development. bodily social responsibility has to do with an organization breathing out out of his way to initiate exertions that get out impact positively on its host community, its environment and the heap generally.It can be seen as a way of acknowledging the point that some business fall outs have wayward effects on the citizens and society and making efforts to hear that such negative impact ar corrected. Posk, et al (1999) as a matter of event, believe that co rporate social responsibility means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, communities, and its environment. It implies that negative business impacts on people and society should be acknowledged and corrected, if possible.It whitethorn require a conjunction forgoing some clams if its social impacts ar seriously mischievous to some of its stakeholders or if its fund can be used to promote a positive social good. Definition of corporeal Social Responsibilities in that respect are a myriad of definitions of Corporate Social Responsibilities CSR, each considered worth(predicate) in their own right and designed to fit the specific organization. The majority of definitions integrate the three dimensions to the concept, that is, economic, environmental and social dimensions.CSR had overly been unremarkably depict as a demonstration of certain responsible demeanor on the part of public and the private judicature and business sectors toward society and the environment. Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), a leading Global Business partner, in a Forum held in 2006 defined Olanrewaju 019 CSR as achieving commercial success in ways that honors good values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. For BSR, CSR likewise means addressing the court-ordered, ethical, commercial and other expectations society has for business, and making decisions that fairly agreement the take away of all key stakeholders.In its simplest financial value, it is what you do, how you do it and when and what you say. In this sense, CSR is viewed as a comprehensive set of policies, practices and programmes that are integrated into business trading trading operations, give chain, and decision making deales without the guild and wherever the company does businesses that are supported and reenforcemented by top forethought. It also embrpetroleums responsibility for underway and preceding(a) ac tions as well as future impacts. The issues that represent a companys CSR focus vary by business, size, sector and tear down geographic region.It is seen by leadership of companies as more than a allurement of distinct practices or occasional gestures or initiatives motivated by foodstuffing, public relations or other business benefits. Also, the World Business Council on Sustainability using, 1998 draw CSR as the continuing committedness by Business to gestate ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic community and society at large. CSR is the concept that an enterprise is responsible or accountable for its impact on all relevant shareholders European Union, 2006. According to Macmillan 2005, CSR is a term describing a companys duty to be accountable to all its stakeholders in all its operations and activities. Socially responsible companies al low consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, reconciliation the choose of stakeholders with their need to rat a profit. CSR is concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a socially responsible manner.Since stakeholders exist both within a firms and outside a firm, hence, behaving socially and responsibly leave increase the human development of stakeholders both within and outside the corporation Clarkson, 1995. A reputable author, Kenneth Andrews Steiner (1977) defined Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) as the intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of the society that retains the individual and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities, no matter how immediately profitable nd leads to the directions of positive construction of human melioration. As an improvement on the above definitions, Koontz and ODonnell (1968) defined social responsibility as the personal ob ligation of every 1, as he acts in his own interests, but he must always have callable regard that his freedom does not restrict others from doing the same thing. He win noted that a socially responsible individual or organization will obey the faithfulnesss of the land because the rights of others are at stake.In emphasizing the bionomic conceptualization of social responsibility, Buchholz (1991) noted that any good definition of social responsibility must contain if not all, almost of the following Responsibility that goes beyond the production goods and services at a profit. serve ups in work out important social problems those that the organization are responsible for creating. makes corporations have greater constituency than stockholders alone makes corporations have great impacts that goes beyond marketplace accomplishments, and makes corporations serve a wider range of human values that can be captured by a sole focus on value.CSR can therefore be referred to as decisions and actions taken by organizations for reasons at least, particularly beyond the organizations direct economic or technical interest. For legion(predicate) corporate bodies braggy to charities is a struggle really, their objective do not usually build-in the strategical need to support the communities that they serve. The focus totally is to maximize profit or financial returns. The thrust of their arguments centre nigh balancing their obligations to stakeholders, especially the shareholders.Corporate social responsibilities should be strategic no doubt. Engaging in strategic liberality is done by even the best corporate bodies in the world. It should however have an underlying compassionate foundation. in that respect should be a symbiotic relationship between corporate organization and the host communities, a block out of on-going reconciliation between the organizations economic orientations. There should be an unwritten social contract, so that it should not be coerce responsibility like Education Trust Fund tax but a voluntary social service standpointd on the postulate of the community.Socially responsible business practice implies that CSR is the social practice where the corporation adapts and conducts arbitrary business practices and investments that support social causes to improve community wellbeing in order to protect the environment. Key distinctions involve focus on activities that are discretionary, not those that are mandated by laws or regulative agencies or are simply expected, as with meeting moral standards.Community is interpreted broadly to include employees of the corporation, suppliers, distributors, non-profit and public sector partners as well as members of the general public. And well-being can be referred to health and safety as well as psychological and emotional require. It is also about capacity create for sustainable livelihoods, respect for cultural difference and finds a business in building the ski lls of employees, the community and the establishment. Indeed it is about business great(p) back to society. 020 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res.Generally speaking, Corporate Social Responsibility, whether in the banking sector or otherwise refers to A collection of policies and practices linked to relationship with key stakeholders, values, compliance with ratified requirements, and respect for people, communities and the environment. The commitment of business to contribute to sustainable development According to the European Commission, CSR involves companies combine social and environmental concerns into business operations and in their interaction with stakeholders on a voluntary basis.The key to this definition lies in the word voluntary. According to Nigeria Social Enterprise Reports Vol. 2, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a labyrinthine sense or integrating of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing share holders and stakeholders expectations. It went boost to say that CSR is generally seen as the contribution of business to sustainable development which has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.In Nigeria, the federal Executive Council (FEC) on Wednesday May 2008 approved the development of a CSR policy for the country, to instill ethical behavior in Nigerian Businesses. The minister of National Planning Commission, Dr Sanusi Daggash, who gave lucubrate of the memorandum, s instigate it referred to the adoption of responsible business practices by organizations, to improve the society at large. He said the policy would include beyond law commitment and activities that would necessitate an expectatation to give back to the society.He reiterated that the policy would ensure corporate governance and ethics, health and safety, human rights, human resource circumspection, anti- graft and anticorruption measures. iodine reckons that the policy formulators will take note of like spheric policies that efficacy point Nigeria in the direction of developing a viable CSR policy. Carrols Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Although no single commonly accepted definition had been ascribed to the subject, which had evolved since 1970s, Archie B.Carroll had said that there had been economic, ethical, legal and philanthropic cyclorama to the subject. Therefore, one of the most used and quoted model is the Carrolls gain of CSR, 1991. Carroll considers CSR to be framed in such a way that the entire range of business responsibilities is embraced. These four responsibilities can be illustrated as a pyramid. The economic component is about the responsibility to profit which serves as the base for the other components of the pyramid. With regard to the legal aspect, society expects organizations to comply with the laws and conventions.Ethical responsibilitie s are about how society expects organization to embrace values and norms even if the values and norms might constitute a higher standard of performance than required by law. Philanthropic responsibilities are those actions that are expected from a company as a good corporate citizen. unverbalised Versus Responsibility Explicit Corporate Social Matten and Moon (2004) presents a conceptual manakin for sense corporate social responsibilities the, implicit versus the explicit corporate social responsibilities.Explicit CSR is about corporate policies with the objective of being responsible for what the society is interested in. Explicit CSR can for example be voluntary, self-interest driven corporate social responsibilities policies and strategies. Implicit CSR is a countrys formal and informal institutions that give organizations an hold share of responsibility for societys interests and concerns. Implicit CSR are values, norms and rules which result in requirements for corporation s to address areas that stakeholders consider important. Business associations or ndividual organizations are often directly involved in the definition and legitimization of this social responsibility requirement. The collar Components of Sustainability The Triple Bottom Line sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on environmental and Development, 1987) The triple bottom line is considering that companies do only have one objective, positiveness, but that they also have objectives of adding environmental and social value to society (Crane and Matten, 2004).The concept of sustainability is generally regarded as having emerged from the environmental positioning is about how to manage physical resources so that they are conserve for the future. Therefore, economic sustainability is about the economic performance of the organization itself. A broader c oncept of economic sustainability includes the companys impact on the economic framework in which it is embedded. The development of the social perspective has not developed as fast as the environmental and economic Olanrewaju 021 perspectives. The key issue in the social perspective on sustainability is that of social justice.It can be seen from above that economic and environmental sustainability involved in the concept of externalities is mostly engendered in the splendor placed by comparatives in the concept of social responsibilities. The European invertebrate foot for Quality Management EFQM defines CSR as a whole range of fundamentals that organizations are expected to acknowledge and to reflect in their actions. It includes among other things respecting human rights, fair treatment of the workforce, customers and suppliers, being good corporate citizens of the communities in which they operate and conservation of natural environment.These fundamentals are seen as not only morally and ethically desirable ends in themselves and as part of the organizations philosophy but also as key drivers in ensuring that society will allow the organization to go far in the long term, as society benefits from the organizations activities and behavior (The EFQM Framework For Social Responsibility, 2004). CSR is the concept that an organization needs to consider the impact of their operations and business practices on not just the shareholders, but also its customers, suppliers, employees, members of the community it operates in, and even the environment.It is a way of saying thank you and expressing clasp to all stakeholders in the business. It is a conscious effort to give back to the society in which the corporation has benefitted immensely. Characteristics of Corporate Social Responsibilities The European keister for Quality Management EFQM presents some common characteristics for CSR which are Meeting the need of current stakeholders without compromising the a bility of future generations to meet their own demand. Adopting CSR voluntarily, kind of than as legal requirement, because it is seen to be in the long-term interests of the organization. Integrating social, environmental and economic policies in day to day business Accepting CSR as a core activity that is embedded into an organizations management strategy. The three dimension of CSR with specific examples of areas particular to each dimension are Economic Responsibility Integrity, corporate governance, economic development of the community, transparency, prevention of bribery and corruption, payments to national and local political science, use of local suppliers, hiring local labour and similar areas.Social Responsibility Human rights, training and developing local labour, contributing expertness to community programs and similar areas. Environmental Responsibility Precautionary approaches to prevent or minimize adverse impacts support for initiatives, promoting greater enviro nmental responsibility, developing and spread out environmentally friendly technologies and similar areas. Lohman and Steinholtz (2004) view the CSR concept as a combination of three separate agendas, namely Corporate Sustainability, Accountability and Governance.Corporate Sustainability derives from the get together Nation meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Agenda 21. This refers to how we address and balance the social, economic and environmental areas in the world so that our long term survival is not threatened. Corporate Accountability focuses on the credibility of the organization and is used in situations where discussions are held about the ability of the organization to manage. Corporate governance is used in the discussion about how an organization is being conk. It deals with transparency and in the long sop up religious beliefworthiness.Bowen (1953) defined it as the obligation of business men to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow th ose lines of action which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of the society. A morsel of studies have been carried out on CSR since the idea was floated in the twentieth century. For, example, a Business week/Harris poll (1993) revealed that U. S. top- take corporate executives (69% of those polled) and MBA students (89%) believed that corporations should be more involved in solving crucial problems.Also in a study of 107 Europeans corporations, majorly of the caput executives cadre surveyed agreed that addressing social issues, such as substance abuse, health care and raising, was needed (Mathison, 2003). Business in any society needs to take responsibility, for every decision that is do, every action that is taken, must be viewed in the light of that kind of responsibility. Social responsibility requires business organizations to balance the benefits to be gained against the costs of achieving those benefits.There is the general belief that both business and socie ty gain when firms actively strive to be socially responsible. While business organizations gain in enhanced reputation, society gains from the social projects executed by the business organization. In the early 1970s, companies began to appreciate community service as a way to improve their images, internally and externally, as well as to serve the 022 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. communities in which the business operates. A study carried out by the National Volunteer Centre in U. S. n 1977 shows that more than 1,100 major U. S. corporations had established structured activities to involve their workers in community volunteerism by 1990. A survey of 180 leading U. S. companies found that 79% of them had volunteer programmes. Also, a study conducted by IBM and the graduate of school of Business at the University of capital of mho Carolina in 1994 showed a clear link between volunteerism and return on assets, return on investments and employee productivity. A company with a strong community involvement programme is likely to score high in profitability and employee morale.Social responsibility should, in fact, reflect cultural values and whitethorn differ in forms from one society to the other. What is socially acceptable in lacquer may differ in forms from that of Ger umteen, Brazil or Indonesia. Japanese firms have proved themselves models citizens on many dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility. Their support of local community activities and other philanthropic endeavours have led to increased grace in the communities where they operate.The firms help society in areas directly related to the operations of the business. A survey conducted by the Japanese External Trade system (JETRO) in 1997 shows that approximately 80% of Japanese affiliated operations in the United State which were covered by the survey engaged in corporate generosity. Making cash contributions was the most common form of benevolence (about 91%). Community development and ed ucation were the primary beneficiaries of cash donations and encouragement of employee volunteerism was up to 36% from 1992.Over 95% of responding organizations maintained or increased both cash donations and other philanthropic activities since the last survey in 1992. universe socially responsible by meeting the publics continually changing expectations requires wise leadership at the top of the organization. Miles (1987) observed that corporate leaders who possesses this kind of social vision believe that business should help create social change rather than block it. With such attitude, they know that their own company will have a better materialise of surviving in the turbulent social currents of todays world.Frooman (1997) further observed that companies which are socially responsible are channelize by enlightened selfinterest, which means that they are socially aware without openhanded up their own economic self interest. Profit are the reward for the firm as it continue s to provide true value to its customers, to help its employees to grow, and to expatriate responsibly as a corporate citizen. An emphasis on social responsibility can attract customers. A poll conducted by discernment Research Corporation shows that 89% of purchases by adult are influenced by a companys reputation. Social responsibility also benefits ompanies by enabling them to recruit a high quality labor force. The reputation of the firm and the goodwill associated with socially responsible actions attract talented prospective employee, that is, people undertakeing an employer for whom they would be proud to work. At Cadbury Nigeria plc, the concept of CSR is seen as a continuing commitment by business to behave ethically in ways that will contribute to economic development of the nation. It is also expected to improve the quality of life of not only the companys workforce and families but also that of the local community as well as the society at large. Business Day, News re putation, 13th October, 2003) Over the last decades there has been an apparent shift from adopting more responsible business practices as a result of regulatory citations, consumer complaints and special interest root word pressures, to proactive research exploring corporate solutions to social problems and incorporating new business practices that will support these issues. This shift has been due to increasing evidence being documented and shared, demonstrating that socially responsible business practices can actually increase profits. the fact that in our global market place, consumers have more options and can make choices based on the criteria beyond product, price and distribution channels. Research emphasized that consumers are also basing their purchase decisions on reputation for fair and sustainable business practices and scholarships of commitment to the communitys welfare. the fact that Investors and other stakeholders may also be the driving force with increased pu blic examen and use of more sophisticated pressure tactics, including use of technology and power of internet. Interest in increased worker productivity and retention which has dour corporate heads towards ways to improve expiation and well being. (Cocacola bottler in South Africa launching an HIV/AIDS prevention program in the work place). Technology and increased third party reporting having been given increased visibility and coverage of corporate activities, especially when things go wrong, as with current corporate scandals that have made the public more suspicious of business creating the need for business to put a positive shine on their activities.This is even more critical today with instant access to twenty dollar bill four (24) hours word of honor channel such as CNN outline news articles and e-mail alerts. The bar for full manifestation appears have been raised, moving authorisation customers from a consumer beware attitude to an expectation that they will be ful ly informed as regards practices including product content, sources of raw materials and manufacturing processes. Advocate of CSR argues that companies with good social and environmental records will perform better in the long break than those that do not behave responsibly. This is because customers will like to patronize anyOlanrewaju 023 company with good social and environmental records more than companies without such records as they will be seen to have identified with the community. It has been argued that since Corporate Social Responsibility can enhance a companys image, it raises the question of whether or not CSR was embarked upon solely for corporate self interest, company or their chief executives may be politically motivated when making corporate donations. But erosive (1989) objecting to this self interest motive maintains that in CSR, the company giving funds does not attempt to gain any advertising benefit or undue identification.The company is contented with the belief that CSR is good business. Responsibilities of a firm To achieve set objectives, every firm owes various duties to all the stakeholders, and these must be fulfilled. These responsibilities are discussed below Duty to protect the well-being of people in its environment. A firms primary duty is to protect the well being of those backing in its environment its operations or practice. For example, a firm wishing to carry out banking business must first be incorporated under the Companies and Allied Matter work (CAMA), 1990 and then valid licence from the governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).Its operations should be in line with the provisions of the Bank and Other Financial Institutions Acts (BOFIA), 1991, the CBN Act, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporations (NDIC) Acts, the Money Laundry Act 2004 and other banking laws. The firm should produce goods and services that are not harmful to the people. A manufacturing company should not produce goods that may cause d eath to people. Similarly, in the course of maximizing profit, a bank should not finance bootleg projects, say, provide finance for the illegal purchase of ammunition, or abeit illegal enrapture by unpatriotic citizens or politicians. A firm should not rat others. Deception, in this way, can take various forms, namely failing to include all the required quantities and quality materials for producing a particular product, but may still indicate on the package that the normal quality were involved colluding with the external auditor to render wild financial statements to shareholders, regulating regime and members of the public, with a view to declaring false profit preparing two sets of accounts or returns, i. e. ccurate and false accounts, and sending the false one to the regulatory authorities and the accurate one to the shareholders, to conceal some facts in the course of bank supervision and trial. An organization should enter into fair binding contract with its customers, assuranceors, employees, suppliers etc. all terms and conditions of the contract should be well stated by the firm and well understood by the parties concerned. It is important for a firm to discharge its duties under the contract at all times.For example, a customer granted credit facility should be allowed to repay under the agreed terms and conditions for which the bestow was granted. Duty to make likely return to shareholders in accordance with the level of investment. The ordinary shareholder takes the highest danger in business, hence it is the duty of management of a company to utilize the resources of the company legally to generate profit, the masses of which should go to the ordinary shareholder.The firm should ensure that the market price of the companys share is attractive to the public. When this is done, the owners economic welfare is maximized by high return on capital usually reflected on the market price of shares of the company. Duty to minimize harmful e ffect of substance. In the course of doing business, firms are bound to engage in activities whose effects may be harmful or distasteful to the members of the organization and the public.For example, hospital, police, radio, and television stations, telecommunication business provide twenty-four hours service to their customers and client, an indication that the employees of these organizations must be on duty every hour of the day. To be effective and efficient, there is need for shift duty. Although coming to work at night or very early in the morning might not be palatable with all employees, this is in evitable thus, a fair compensation, in terms of shift hazards and inconvenience allowances, should be paid to the employees concerned. This will lace their commitment.Similarly oil and gas industries should pay high compensation to the people living in the area where oil and gases are produced, as this could compensate for the environment degradation of the area and other problem s encountered by the people living in the community. Also bank staff that work outside the normal banking hours should be paid compensation allowance. Duty to pay reasonable salaries and wages to the employees. It is the duty of the firm to use the revenue generated from its business activities to pay fair and reasonable compensation in the forms of salaries and allowances to workers.This should be commensurate with the services rendered. However, it will be unethical, unfair and an act of irresponsibility for a firm to ask the workers to perform task that will expose them to serious danger, risk, or unprofessional practices, all in the interest of robust salaries and allowances. For example, a situation where banks set unrealizable deposit targets for staff by employing beautiful ladies and handsome men to run after money-bags to attract deposits. This encourages fraud and prostitution.A staff that fails to meet the target cognize full well that he would be sacked might reanima te to stealing to raise more funds or resort to prostitution. In like manner, a firm that pays reasonable returns on capital will enjoy continuous investment of shareholders. Duty to use part of the firms profit to provide 024 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. amenities that promote the common good of the community in which it operates. Duty to embark on projects that brings about the expansion and improvement in the companys operations.Firms that expand create supernumerary employment opportunities to the community, and this will lessen crime rates. Similarly goods are made available at affordable prices, thereby meeting the needs and satisfaction of the consumers. This encourages good standard of living of people in the community. Duty to honor obligations to the government in terms of payments of taxes an levies, thereby making fund available to the government to provide infrastructure facilities and meet the recurrent expenditures with a view to promoting national development.Soc ial responsibility to stakeholders An organization should fulfill its social responsibilities to the following stakeholders for it to achieve its set objectives. For instance, using a Bank as a case study, the stakeholders will include a. Customers market prices of the shares of the bank in the stock market Ensuring safe investments through and through good and sound management to prevent distress Issuing bonus share from time to tome Keeping the shareholders informed of the banks performances through annual general meetings, newsletters and information bulletins. . Employees Offer efficient services Make savings and withdrawals of money less time devour by reducing the waiting time Ensure adequate liquid so that cash withdrawals is met promptly Pay competitive rate of interest on saving and deposit, in line with the CBNs credit and monetary guidelines Charges reasonable interest rates and commissions Ensure safety of deposit so much so that the customers can deposit his money in the bank and go to sleep Provide a conducive environment for banking activities, e. g. pacious and well ventilated banking hall, security for valuables and vehicles within the bank premises and Make enigmatical of the affairs between the bank and customers to protect the interest of the customers. b. Shareholders Provide a conducive workings environment i. e. make available modern working tools and equipment, ventilated offices, good infrastructure, decent and official cars, health and safety equipment at the workplace etc Pay competitive salary remuneration commensurate with the level of commitment Offer opportunities for career development, e. . inducement for taking professional examination Train and develop employees through continuous learning at seminars, conferences, workshop, with the view to update their knowledge base, to meet rapid changes in the banking environment. Keep employees adequately informed on the policies, procedures and rules relating to da y-to-day banking operations. This can be done through newsletters, bulletins, meetings, etc Involve employees in decisions affecting them, to ensure their total commitment and faithfulness Maintaining equal opportunities among employees, i. . there should be no preferential treatment or favourism Establish clear cut bargaining and grievance procedures that will be known and followed by all employees. d. Government Being a responsible corporate entity or citizen, provide credit facilities to various sectors of the economy, with a view to ensuring the economic development of the country Comply with the laws and jurisprudences rescribed by regulatory authorities like the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporate, etc Assist government in funding and promoting social activities, such as sponsoring sports programmes, contributions towards combating diseases e. g. AIDS, etc. e. The popular If banks are to guarantee continuous investment of their shareholder s, they have the duty of Ensuring effective performance by utilizing the capital invested in the bank to maximize profit. gainful good dividends, i. e. reasonable returns commensurate with the capital investment.Maximizing the owners wealth by ensuring good . Banks are socially responsible to the banking public, in general, and members of the community in which they are situated, in particular, in the following ways Olanrewaju 025 Development of the environment through provision of basic facilities like good in noxiousation water, donations to development associations, bringing banking services to the rural areas, indigenous lending, etc. universe and maintenance of employment opportunities to qualified members of the community. This encourages loyalty, commitment and cooperation from the community. Participation in community activities, such as donations to community to celebrations, awarding scholarship to deserving members of the community, etc, and use the skills of emp loyees to develop sympathetic goods and services. MODERN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY innovational CSR was born during 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro when United Nations sponsored recommendations on regulation were rejected in favour of a manifesto for voluntary self-regulation put forward by a coalition of companies called the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).Its version of events was endorsed by the US, the UK and other Western governments. The British government for example, is still a vocal supporter of voluntarism. Such resistance to regulation seem to have remaining the worst corporate abusers effectively free and the victims of their actions adequate means of redress. Whatever responsible initiatives companies choose to carry out on their own behalf binding world(prenominal) standards of corporate behavior must be established to guarantee that the rights of people and the environment in developing countries like Nigeria are properly prot ected.It is hence recommended that there should be international regulation backed up by national legislation, to ensure the enforcement of real social responsibility on the corporate world. Introducing the threat of prosecution and legal action with resulting detailed disclosure of company documents would create powerful incentives for companies to behave responsibly.At a national level, Government should Adopt new laws to make corporate social and environmental reporting and disclosure mandatory for British companies including the disclosure of payments to oversea government, information on the social and environmental impact of overseas operations and details of legal actions against companies. Frame new responsibilities for companies directors to give them a duty of care for communities and their environment, making them legally accountable for the actions of their companies overseas. Change the law to enable people harmed by British companies overseas operations to seek redre ss in UK court and to provide the resources to enable them do so. What Drives Corporate Social Responsibilities Defending public image If companies behave improperly, they can be got at through the court of international public opinion. The first CSR initiatives were a response to public pressure and media exposure of poor company behavior. CSR was supposed to show that companies were capable of cleaning up their act. Prof.Michael Porter of the Harvard Business School argues that CSR is all defensive effort, a PR games in which companies primarily defend to deal with the critics and the pressure from activists. Attracting investors companies that proactively engage with sustainable development agenda and its countenance in the investment world should generate support, interest and understanding among investors. This will ultimately ascribe a premium to share price. CSR makes companies attractive to both mainstream investors and to the fast growing ethical-investment sector.Many in vestors now believe that social and environmental riskmanagement improves a companys market value in the long term. permission to operate CSR has, of late become a vital component in companies effort to gain approval for projects carrying significant political and social risks. Lobbying against regulations one of the key functions of CSR is to enable further deregulations by pointing to the involvement of business in ethical and sustainable activities and to indicate that multi-stakeholder dialogue with civil society obviates the need for binding regulation (David Miller, Sterling Media Research Institute).I believe that companies voluntary measures can help improve private-sector behavior. But voluntary activity is no stand-in for regulation and there is evidence that companies that espouse voluntary approaches to meeting social and environmental standards are also involved in resisting external regulation, especially by government. Concept of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria To be able to understand CSR from a Nigerian perspective it is of value to explore the drivers for, and 026 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. the history and development of CSR in Nigeria.The World Business Council for sustainable Development has discussed CSR with business and non-business stakeholders in a number of countries in the world with the objective of understanding local perspectives better and to get different perceptions of what CSR should mean from a number of different societies. (httpwww. cecodes. org. co). One important finding in this study was that people were talking about the role of the private sector in relation to a social agenda and they saw that role as increasingly linked to the overall well-being of society.Therefore the chosen priorities differed jibe to the perception of local needs. The key CSR issues identified in the study included Human rights, Employee rights, Environmental protection, Community involvement and Supplier relations. The book Corp orate Citizenship in develop Countries (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) contains a chapter about revisiting Carrolls CSR pyramid from a Nigerian perspective. Most of the research on Carrolls CSR pyramid has been in an American context and in this report an attempt is made to look on how CSR manifests itself in a Nigerian context.In Nigeria, economic responsibility still get the most emphasis while charity is given second highest priority, followed by legal and then ethical responsibilities. According to the report there are many reasons for this. Firstly, the socio-economic needs of the Nigeria societies in which companies operate are so huge that philanthropy has become an expected norm. Companies also understand that they cannot succeed in societies that fail. Secondly, many Nigerian societies have become dependent on foreign aid and there is an ingrained culture of philanthropy in Nigeria.A third reason, according to the report, is that CSR is still at an early stage in Nigeria, so metimes even equating philanthropy. It is important to stress that in Nigeria philanthropy is more than charitable giving. HIV/AIDS is an example where the response by business is basically philanthropic but understandably in companies own economic interests. The low priority for legal responsibilities is, according to the study, not due to the fact that Nigeria companies do by the law but the pressure for governance and CSR is not so immense.Ethical perspective seems to have the least influence on the CSR agenda. This is not to say that African businesses are unethical. For example, the King Report in 2003 (http//www. corporate compliance. org) was the first global corporate governance code to talk about stakeholders and to stress the importance of business accountability beyond the interests of shareholders. Ajadi (2006), in a conference paper on Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria delivered at British Council conference on CSR in Nigeria, 2006, specifies some additional specific drivers for CSR in Nigeria The failure of centralized, government controlled economy to develop the country The extraordinary transaction cost to business of corruption and other failures of social capital The history of conflict and waste in the extractive industry exemplified by the Niger Delta saga The Nigerian universe of discourse whose majority is under the age of 25 and is largely ignored disdain the fact that they are critical to the survival and future prosperity of business and the country at large. The potential benefit of a commercially active and productive country of over 140 million potential consumers.The drivers for CSR in the west are to be found within areas such as increased brand value, greater access to finance, a healthier and safer workforce, stronger risk management and corporate governance, motivated people, customer loyalty, enhanced confidence and trust of stakeholders as well as enhanced public image. These drivers may not needfully be app licable to Nigerian companies. Most indigenous companies in Nigeria are privately held, family owned and operated. Local consumer and civil society pressures are almost nonexistent and law enforcement mechanisms are weak. (Amaeshi, Adi, Ogbechie and Amao. 006). There are many ways of implementing CSR in an organization. CSR practices can address environmental issues, social issues or both. The implementation can be done by integrating CSR in the business or it can be run as a project. Sometimes there are CSR strategies and policies framing the CSR agenda, sometimes there are not. According to world Business Council for sustainable Development (Lohman and Steinholtz, 2003) an active CSR work might include areas such as The management of the organization clearly declares its views and obligations towards the society and its stakeholders. The organization develops and implements clear policies. The organization has rules for purchasing including social and environmental concerns. T he organization fells its ecological footprints, both in production and in the process of production. The organization has objectives with regard to environmental and social concerns. The organization shows an active designation with regard to the development of its local society. Consumers are educated on how products ought to be used. The organization informs about all its different business areas in a transparent manner.For most businesses operating in Nigeria whether small or large, local or national, the transaction cost of operating is often unpredictable. At the watch of this difficulty is the obvious problem of operating in a low trust Olanrewaju 027 economy. For many businesses the cost of paying upfront on cash flow or delayed payment the difficulty of investing in people development the challenge of high volume cash proceeding are all part of a severely eroded social capital. At the core of this issue is the role of business partnership with government and others t o exemplify and model behaviors that restore optimism and improves trust.The challenges that face a business in Nigeria are unique because CSR can probably not be elective in such a mode. In a country where the social, health, education and environmental needs are so prevalent, where government resources are so stretched, where everyday people live on the breadline, business any other way is not only unethical, it is most probably not sustainable. capital punishment of corporate social responsibilities in Nigeria Annually, limited liability companies in Nigeria give reports of their social responsibility efforts. These are in four major specifiable areas viz a.The immediate environment of the company where the interest of the neighbours of the given companies are taken care of as much as is practicable (Bello, 1988) b. Locating worthy national or state activities to support. In this respect, educational, sporting and cultural activities are sponsored by companies as forms of soc ial responsibility. Also, scholarships, training facilities, and other forms of support are often provided for students. c. Responding to major disasters. Such disasters may originate from nature or it may be accidental like the bomb explosion at the Ikeja cantonment on Sunday, January 27, 2002.In the oil industry, there had been several reported cases of oil spills damage farmlands, crops, forests and water. Others like fire, flood, drought and erosion are also responded to. divers(a) types of materials are made available to victims of such disasters. d. Diversification of activities to areas of importance in the nations economic development. For example, Guinness plc invested funds in two major eyeclinics in Nigeria, and Texaco Oil Producing and Marketing Company diversified into agricultural activities of cultivating mandioca and processing Garri Cassava flour.Before the United Kingdom developed its CSR policy, Gordon Brown, prior to becoming the autochthonic Minister said tod ay CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past, donating money to good causes at the end of the financial year and is sooner an all year round responsibility that companies accept for the environment around them now we need to move towards a challenging measure of corporate responsibility, where we judge results not just by the input but by its outcomes the difference we make to the world in which we live, and the contribution we make to poverty reduction (Corporate Social Responsibility A Government Update www.Csr. gov. uk). There is no doubt the committee saddled with the responsibility of developing a CSR policy for Nigeria will learn from the countries (especially developing ones) that have adopted and are implementing such policies successfully. Prior to the above declaration of the Federal Government, Nigeria did not have a CSR policy. Several companies operating here took the initiative to develop a CSR guideline or code for themselves.It is not out of place for a study to have found that indigenous firms perceive and practice CSR as corporate philanthropy aimed at addressing socio-economic development challenges in Nigeria. This finding confirms that CSR is a localized and socially embedded construct, as the waves, issues and modes of CSR practices identified amongst indigenous firms in Nigeria reflect the firms responses to their socio-economic context (Amaeshi et al 2006) One of the leading telecommunication companies in Nigeria, MTN Nigeria, developed a CSR policy direction document in 2004 in conjunction with a consulting outfit.The company has since gone ahead to establish MTN Foundation to lead its CSR policy implementation locally. A search for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility by indigenous firms in Nigeria by Dotun Atilade, mentioned that elements of social responsibility include investment in community outreach, employee relations, creation and maintenance of employment , environmental responsibility, human rights a nd financial performance.It is about producing and / or delivering socially and environmentally responsible products and /or services in an environmentally and socially responsible manner while openness, accountability and transparency are some of the new key words covering a huge range of issues. A sustained bench mark for studying CSR practice, as suggested by Moon (2002), emphasizes waves, issues and modes waves (1) community involvement (2) socially responsible production process and (3) socially responsible employee relations, issues CSR practices emphasizes e. g. nvironmental , education, employee welfare , health and safety and modes through which they are implemented e. g. philanthropy foundation and codes. The result of these activities has been discovered to be shaped by Nigerian corporate Governance framework and socio-economic conditions as reported in some research on the CSR activities of indigenous companies. The European Unions Green Paper on CSR defines it as a con cept whereby companies integrate social and environment concerns in their business operations and in 028 Univers. J. Mark. Bus. Res. heir interactions with their stake holders on a voluntary base. Mark Maxwell and Siegel (2001) as actions that appears to further some social groups beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law while the CSR constructs is a new coinage, it is not a new practice. It could be traced back to such example as the th th Quakers in 17 and 18 nose candy whose business philosophy was not primarily driven by profits maximization but to add value to the society at large. Business was framed as part of the society and not separate from it.The revived interest in the practice provides a fertile ground for different discourses and actors which lends it to multiple and contested. (Moon, 2002). A common strand that runs through most of these studies suggests that essence and practice of CSR is social culturally embedded. CSR in Nigeria would be aimed towards addressing the peculiarity of the social economic development challenges of the country (poverty alleviation, health care provision, infrastructure development, structure, education, etc and would be informed by social cultural influences (e. g. communalism and charity).This might not necessarily reflect the popular western standard/expectations of CSR (e. g. consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, and social responsible investments) etc. At Zenith Bank, Corporate Social Responsibility is not just a buzz word its a way of life. To emphasize this belief Zenith Bank set up Zenith philanthropy, a fully functional department responsible for identifying areas, sectors and causes of the serving of philanthropic aid. Zenith philanthropy is the channel through which Zenith bank gives back to the society.Zenith bank sees giving back to society as a serious and passionate cause. Today CSR goes far beyond the old philanthropy of the past donati ng money to good causes at the end of the financial year, but rather, an all year round responsibility that companies accept the environment around them for the best working practices for their encounter in their local communities and for their local communities and for their recognition that brand names depends not only on quality, price and uniqueness but on how cumulatively they interact with companies work force community and environment.There are a atomic reactor of damages these companies are doing to the environment like local air pollution such as particulates, and the damage caused by the over-use and pollution of fresh water, the social impacts such as the migration of people driven out of affected areas , the toxic waste heavy waters users like food, drink and clothing companies are releasing into the environment. The aim of this study is to encourage and help investors lobby companies to reduce their environmental impact before concerned governments act to restrict the m through taxes or regulations.The companies can give up the excess profit now, if they neediness a world in which its possible to make any money at all, later. If we go on failing to put a price on the environment, well make the planet uninhabitable. The entire basis for freedom and for a sound economy is that if you want something, you have to pay for it. And right now, were not paying for the environment, were taking from it. What happens when the resources we have effectively doled out for free run out?Were already getting an idea with the oceans, where CO2 pollution is making them so acid that it is literally dissolving the shells of shellfish and killing them off. Literally, Nigerian banking industry and telecommunication industry today operate in what can be described as the enemys territory, with but any identifiable friend in the polity. Everyone has an axe to grind with them, the fact that they are needed to foster individual and collective business growth notwithstandin g.While government sees them as being selfish and responsible for most of the problems of the economy, the regulatory authorities look at them and their operators with suspicion. To the public, employees of banking industry and telecommunication are privileged, over-pampered and over-paid cheats and liars who prevail at the expense of the rest of the society. Banking industry and the telecommunication industry are seen as making huge profits in a dispirited economy. In effect, they are milking the economy dry instead of growing it.This perception is in fact miles away from the impression of renowned economist of yester-years. They are believed to foster economic growth in any economy. Adams Smith (1910) left no doubt as to what the role of banks in economic growth should be. However, the allegations leveled against banking and telecommunication industries can never be wished away and these are impacting negatively on