Analysis of Oxygen Bearing Compunds

abbreviation of Oxygen bearing Organic compounds Abstract The unvalued experiment in the experimentation puke be essayed to yield results such as 1 ( radical), 2 ( tributary), 3 ( tertiary) intoxicants. Tests such as the bichromate analyze, Tollens test, Lucas test, DNPH test and iodoform test would be very useful in determining the reference of alcohol that the undiagnosed take belongs to. In the experiment, the unfathomed sample underwent series of testing to identify what office of alcohol it belonged to and the result was that it was a original alcohol.It went through with(predicate) the bichromate reaction, Tollens reaction and finally the Lucas reaction. groundwork The analysis of oxygen bearing thorough compounds is an experiment in which a variety of tests argon visible(prenominal) to identify a compounds spot whether it is a direct, junior-grade or tertiary alcohol. The tests that atomic number 18 included to come up with such results atomic number 18 interconnected with ane an opposite like that of the dichromate test, followed by the Tollens test to yield an aldehyde if positive for mirror finishing.The second set of procedure would again start with The dichromate test, followed by the Tollens test and finally the Lucas test to yield either primary alcohol if it became unintelligible or secondary alcohols as its result if it did non shape waterlogged. The know set of interconnected tests were that of again, the Dichromate test, Followed by the DNPH that would check up on if the unnoticeable sample is a Ketone (positive for red- orange sicken) or a tertiary alcohol (if negative for red-orange precipitate).But in advance going deeper on what these tests be, what first be the engagement mingled with their results which ar the primary, secondary and the tertiary alcohols, aldehydes and ketones? intoxicants ar compounds in which one or more atomic number 1 atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH root w ord. musical note however that there are contrary kinds of alcohols and Alcohols are reason into different classes depending on how the -OH group is positioned and lay on the chain of the carbon atoms. chemic differences between the various types are possible.First to be discussed would be the Primary (1) alcohol, in which the carbon carrying the -OH group is lone(prenominal) link to one alkyl group. Meanwhile, In a secondary (2) alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group attached is fall in precisely to two alkyl groups, these alkyl groups that are attached to the carbon chain may be the same or different. In a tertiary (3) alcohol, the carbon atom holding the -OH group is attached directly to three alkyl groups, which may be any combination of same or different 1.On the other(a) hand, another result that place occur would be the presence of ketones and Aldehydes. But again, to hear the experiment make headway, what are Ketones and aldehydes? A ketone can be characterized as either the structural group categorized by a carbonyl group (O=C) attached to two other carbon atoms or it can be identified as a chemical substance compound that contains a carbonyl group. A carbonyl carbon sticked to two carbon atoms makes ketones different from carboxylic acids, aldehydes, esters, amides, and other oxygen-containing compounds.The double-bond of the carbonyl group distinguishes ketones from alcohols and ethers. The simplest ketone known is dimethyl ketone 2. Lastly among the results is the aldehyde. The term aldehyde seems to have arisen from the wordds alcohol de henryated. vogue back in earlier propagation, aldehydes were at times named after the cor reacting alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from Latin vinum = wine, the conventional source of ethanol compare vinyl. ).An aldehyde is an example of an organic compound which has a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded to an oxygen atom (chemical formula O=CH-), is commonly called the aldehyde group. The other names for aldehyde group are formyl and methanoyl group. The aldehyde group is considered polar. Oxygen, which is more electronegative than carbon, pulls the electrons in the carbon-oxygen bond in the direction of itself, creating an electron deficiency at the carbon atom.Owing to resonance stabilization of the merge base, an ? -hydrogen in an aldehyde is more acidic than a hydrogen atom in an alkane, with a typical pKa of 17 3. Results and discussions The experiment included parallel testing of 3 liquids that would be used for comparison. the first sample would be the unknown sample, the second would be the positive bill in which methanal was used and the last wold be the negative sample in which the simplest ketone, Acetone was used. totally three test were used to determine whether the groups unknown sample was under the home of primary, secondary, ter tiary alcohol, aldehydes or ketones. The three tests were done one after the other in this order Dichromate test, Tollens test, and Lucas test respectively. In the Dichromate test, the unknown sample and the formaldehyde rancid green meat that dichromate oxidized the primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, and aldehydes to ketones or carboxylic acids.Samples turning green would be an index number that the samples are positive for oxidation and therefore are oxidizable. On the other hand, the acetone remained orange which path that it is not oxidizable and can be further continued to another test, the DPNH test which would prove that it is categorized as a ketone because of the presence of a red-orange precipitate that indicates that the DPNH reagent condenses with the carbonyl containing molecules. The second test that followed the Dichromate test was the Tollens test.In this test, the unknown sample glowering clear gray and the formaldehyde turned into a racy gray-headed liquid with facile streaks. The silver streaks are similar with the silver mirror coat that means that the Tollens reagent oxidized the ammonium salts of the carboxylic acids with this, the formaldehyde was categorized as an aldehyde. Alternatively, The clear grey liquid of the unknown sample would indicate that it was not positive for the Tollens test and therefore it would imply to continue to be tested so as to decipher if it is a primary or secondary alcohol.The last test would be the Lucas test in which the unknown sample did not turn turbid and therefore it was concluded to be a primary alcohol. Together with the unknown sample that did not turn turbid was isopropyl and MeOH which just remained as clear liquids. hence again, the sample liquid that turned turbid was the tertbutyl. By this reaction, it is said that alcohols are converted to alkyl chlorides with ZnCl2 winning into consideration too that different alcohol types respond at different rates with ZnCl2. Table 1. Chemical Test Unknown sample Standard (+) Standard(-) Dichromate *unknown sample turned green *formaldehyde turned green meaning *Acetone remained orange meaning it meaning it it oxidizable it is oxidizable is not oxidizable Tollens *unknown sample turned clear gray *formaldehyde turned dark gray with*acetone turned very sapless grey silver streaks. then turned clear. Lucas *unknown sample did not turn turbid*Tertbutyl-turned turbid fast *Acetone- Clear already not *Isopropyl-clear applicable since it is a ketone. *MeOH-clear Experimentation A. An unknown sample was presumption and it should be parallel tested with two other standards- one would be positive and one would be negative.B. The Dichromate test started the experiment. 8 drops of the unknown sample as well as the the two other standard- formaldehyde and Acetone was placed in disjoined test tubes addind 2 drops of of 10% K2Cr2O7 and 5 drops of 6M H2SO4. C. The Tollens test followed. 2 ml of freshly do Tollens rea gent and 5 droops of the unknown sample were mixed. subsequently 5 minutes and the silver precipitate did not form yet, it was placed in a 70 degree water bath for another 5 minutes. Then the results were observed. D.The last test was the Lucas test in which the iunknown sample, tertbutyl, isopropyl and MeOH was tested all at the same time. 5 drops of the sample was and 15 drops of concentrated HCl was mixed in concert with a corn grain amount of ZnCl2 substantial and the appearance of turbidity was observed or not. outcome It can be concluded that the unknown sample that was given to be tested was an oxidizable, primary alcohol based on the tests that were conducted. Since it was positive for the dichromate test, it was deemed to be oxidizable.In the Tolles test, as it did not arise a mirror coat, it was directed to the choice of cosmos a primary or a secondary alcohol. And for the last test, the Lucas test, it was finally concluded that it was a primary alcohol since it did n ot turn turbid. References Books Timberlake, Karen C. , General, Organic, and Biological alchemy Structures of Life,Platinum Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. , 2004 Bettelheim, F. A. , et al. , Introduction to organic and biochemistry. 6th ed. ? Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, c2007 Wade, L.G. , . Organic chemistry 6th ed. . upper berth Saddle River, N. J. Pearson Prentice Hall, c2006. Additional On-line sources 1 Clarks, j. (2003). Alcohol oxidation. Retrieved kinfolk 8 2008 from http//www. chemguide. co. uk/organicprops/alcohols/oxidation. html 2 N. A, (24 August 2008). Ketones. Wikipedia. Retrieved September 8 2008 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ketones 3 N. A, (31 August 2008). Aldehydes. Wikipedia. Retrieved September 8 2008 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aldehydes